What happens inside the cell after a receptor is stimulated also probably plays a big role in how fat is dealt with, she said. Janet Robishaw of the Geisinger Clinic in Danville, Pa., who also studies receptors, cautioned that fat storage “is a lot more complicated than just looking at receptors.” This, in turn, raises the blood pressure and causes diabetes.ĭr. The most efficient place to store this energy is the lower part of the body.Ĭarrying extra fat in the abdomen is dangerous, he said, because it interferes with the breakdown of insulin in the liver. This fuel is necessary to carry and feed a baby. He said women need to carry about 80,000 calories of fat in order to get pregnant. We think that the female shape has to do with differences in (fat) cell number” in the hips, thighs and bottom. “We believe that this difference in the distribution of alpha receptors may partly explain the tendency of the male to look like an apple rather than a pear.
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“Men, however, differ from women in that they have more alpha in their bellies than women do. “Men and women tend to have roughly equivalent amounts of beta activity in their behinds-not to put too fine an anatomic point on it-and both tend to have relatively higher alpha activity in their behinds than in their bellies,” Leibel said. Some cells have more alpha receptors, while others have more beta receptors, and the researchers believe that this has something to do with how readily they will give up their load of stored energy. Alpha receptors stimulate the cells to take in and store fat, while beta receptors prompt cells to get rid of fat. He and colleagues have shown that the size of fat cells is controlled in part by molecules on the surface of the cells that are called alpha and beta receptors.
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“Control of the size of fat cells is extremely complex,” said Leibel. People lose weight by making their fat cells skinnier. The number and the location of fat cells are probably set early in life and cannot be lowered. Although the human body has about 30 billion fat cells, they are not evenly distributed. Two factors control the amount of body fat-the total number of fat cells and the size of these cells.